小菜蛾生物学的研究:生活史、世代数及温度关系

小菜娥(Plutella xylostella L.)广泛分布干世界各地。在杭州郊区,近年来上升为最重要的十字花科害虫。为害猖獗时可减产3—5成。 1973—1974年的研究表明,在杭州实验室条件下,小菜蛾一年可发生9—14代,世代重叠。在田间,各个季节都能见到四种虫态,没有越冬滞育现象。 成虫产卵期可以近于或长于下一代的幼期历期。这是世代重叠的一个重要因素。九月份达到世代重叠高峰,每旬七代重叠,而从整个九月份看,可有八代重叠。 在杭州室内最适气温条件下,发生一代仅需9—10天;而冬天完成一代却要110天。卵、幼虫和蛹的全年残存率分别为75.62%,80.21%和93.60%。 幼期历期与日平均温度间的曲线迴归方程为Y=1997X^-2.0625,Y=4345X^-2.0258,Y=2427X^-2.0025。     

Induced responses to grazing by an insect herbivore (Acentria ephemerella) in an immature macrophyte (Myriophyllum spicatum): an isotopic study

While the mechanisms by which adult terrestrial plants deploy constitutive and induced responses to grazing pressure are well known, the means by which young aquatic plants defend themselves from herbivory are little studied. This study addresses nitrogen transport in the aquatic angiosperm Myriophyllum spicatum in response to herbivore exposure. Nitrogen tracers were used to monitor nitrogen uptake and reallocation in young plants in response to grazing by the generalist insect herbivore Acentria ephemerella. Total nitrogen content (N%) and patterns of nitrogen uptake and allocation (δ¹⁵N) were assessed in various plant tissues after 24 and 48 h. Following 24 h exposure to herbivore damage (Experiment 1), nitrogen content of plant apices was significantly elevated. This rapid early reaction may be an adaptation allowing the grazer to be sated as fast as possible, or indicate the accumulation of nitrogenous defense chemicals. After 48 h (Experiment 2), plants' tips showed depletion in nitrogen levels of ca. 60‰ in stem sections vulnerable to grazing. In addition, nitrogen uptake by grazed and grazing‐prone upper plant parts was reduced and nutrient allocation into the relatively secure lower parts increased. The results point to three conclusions: (1) exposure to an insect herbivore induces a similar response in immature M. spicatum as previously observed in mature terrestrial species, namely a rapid (within 48 h) reduction in the nutritional value (N%) of vulnerable tissues, (2) high grazing intensity (100% of growing tips affected) did not limit the ability of young plants to induce resistance; and (3) young plants exposed to herbivory exhibit different patterns of nutrient allocation in vulnerable and secure tissues. These results provide evidence of induced defense and resource reallocation in immature aquatic macrophytes which is in line with the responses shown for mature aquatic macrophytes and terrestrial plants.     

Nutritional ecology of the invasive freshwater mysid Limnomysis benedeni: field data and laboratory experiments on food choice and juvenile growth

The introduction of alien species leads to changes in species composition and therefore the trophic structure. The highly invasive freshwater mysid Limnomysis benedeni is established and abundant in Lake Constance since 2006. Our aim was to confirm the assumption that L. benedeni feds on small particles and to identify their food web position. We examined the feeding mode and food preference of adult L. benedeni collected from the field and from laboratory feeding experiments by analysing their stomach contents. Stable isotope analyses (SIA) confirm an omnivorous feeding of L. benedeni. In laboratory growth experiments, we determined the growth of juveniles by feeding juveniles with different natural food sources. Growth was supported by natural biofilm, dreissenid biodeposited material and an algal suspension. Stomach analyses showed clearly that L. benedeni fed on small particles of both benthic and pelagic origin and fed by both filtering and grazing. Absence of high numbers of animal structures in the stomachs and SIA supported the lack of predatory impact in the field, but the mysid probably affects the nutrient cycles in the littoral. L. benedeni seems to play an important role in the trophic relations in Lake Constance and all other water bodies they invaded.     

Larval,megalopal and early juvenile development in Pagurus granosimanus (Stimpson, 1859) (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae) reared in the laboratory

Summary

The larval, megalopal and early juvenile stages of Pagurus granosimanus are described, illustrated and compared with other North Pacific species of the genus. Morphologically, the zoeae of P. granosimanus appear most similar to the Japanese P. brachiomastus in the majority of characters, but share the endopodal setation of the third maxilliped with a second Japanese species, P. pectinatus. The megalopae of P. granosimanus are unlike those of other North Pacific species in having 5+5 marginal setae on the telson, rather than the customary 4+4, or less frequent 3+3. Comparison of juvenile characters is limited to pleopodal changes among the regional species for which data are available. P. granosimanus is unusual in undergoing complete pleopodal loss at the second crab stage with return of left pleopods in the fourth stage.     

Hybridization between diploid Centaurea pseudophrygia and tetraploid C. jacea (Asteraceae): the role of mixed pollination,unreduced gametes,and mentor effects

We studied hybridization between the diploid Centaurea pseudophrygia and the tetraploid C. jacea by performing crossing experiments and screening natural populations using flow cytometry. The experiments confirm that the studied species exhibit strong reproductive isolation. Interspecific hybrids were formed at a low frequency, including triploids (originating from reduced gametes) and tetraploids (involving unreduced gametes of the diploids). In contrast, hybrids were almost absent among seeds and adult plants of natural mixed populations and among the offspring from experimental pollinations with a mixture of pollen of both ploidy levels. We found that mixed pollination is an important mechanism for preventing hybridization between plants of different ploidy levels and sustaining the reproduction of the tetraploids. A mentor effect (induced selfing in the presence of pollen of different ploidy levels) was observed in both diploids and tetraploids, reinforcing the reproductive isolation between cytotypes. Higher ploidy levels (pentaploid, hexaploid) involving unreduced gametes of the tetraploid species were identified. Notably, pentaploids were discovered for the first time in Centaurea sect. Jacea. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104 , 93–106.     

New gammaroid family, genera and species from subterranean waters of Japan, and their phylogenetic relationships (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

Luciobliviidae, a new family in the superfamily Gammaroidea (Amphipoda: Crustacea), is described on the basis of species in the genus Lucioblivio gen. nov. from subterranean waters of Japan. Mesogammaridae Bousfield, 1977 is rediagnosed; Octopupilla gen. nov. from subterranean waters of Japan is described and Eoniphargus (Uéno, 1955) from subterranean waters of Japan and Korea is included. The members of Lucioblivio , Octopupilla and Eoniphargus share several characters, including reduced eyes, a setose body, reduced coxae, feeble appendages and pedunculate coxal gills. To elucidate the phylogeny of the three genera among others, a sequence analysis of the 28S rRNA gene was conducted for 14 species in six families, including the three genera, from the superfamilies, Gammaroidea, Crangonyctoidea and Hadzioidea. The tree from a neighbour-joining analysis and the strict consensus tree from a maximum-parsimony analysis indicate monophyly of Mesogammaridae. Luciobliviidae is embedded within a clade of taxa belonging to the superfamily Gammaroidea. These results and the occurrence of gammarid-type calceoli in species of the new family indicate that Luciobliviidae should be placed within the superfamily Gammaroidea. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 149 , 643–670.     

Occurrence of Beta-Lactamases in Colistin-Resistant Enterobacterales Strains in Poland – a Pilot Study

Sixty-five colistin-resistant Enterobacterales isolates recovered from different clinical specimens were analyzed. The strains were collected in 12 hospitals all over Poland within a period of nine months. Strains were analyzed for eight genes from the mcr family. The presence of mcr-1 gene was detected in three Escherichia coli strains. The 45/65 isolates were identified as ESBL producers. CTX-M-1-like enzymes were the most common ESBLs (n = 40). One E. coli and seven Klebsiella pneumoniae strains produced carbapenemases, with the NDM being produced by five isolates. Among all the strains tested, four and five were resistant to new drugs meropenem/vaborbactam and ceftazidime/avibactam, respectively.     

Isolation and analysis of natural compounds from silkworm pupae and effect of its extracts on alcohol detoxification

Silkworm pupae have much potential and many applications as a natural medicine to promote human health. However, their chemical components have not been fully characterized or understood. HPLC analysis was conducted to determine the content ratio (%) of individual amino acids in total protein of the pupae. It showed that glutamic acid (18.3%), histidine (14.6%) and alanine (10.2%) are the most common amino acids in silkworm pupae. Fatty acid composition of silkworm pupae oil was revealed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy analyses. They contain a high ratio of essential fatty acids, [α‐linolenic acid (ω‐3 fatty acid]+ linoleic acid) (49.0%), and also contain non‐essential fatty acids, oleic acid (19.9%), palmitoleic acid (2.5%), palmitic acid (19.7%), stearic acid (8.6%), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (0.3%). In addition, they also contain antioxidants, quercetin diglucoside and nutritionally important riboflavin (vitamin B2). This study suggests that silkworm pupae are a nutritionally valuable food product and are applicable as cosmetic components with essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, antioxidants and vitamins. The animal experiment showed that alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was significantly higher in the liver of mice orally administered with 0.5 mg/mL of silkworm extract and alcohol than with commercial Dawn808? and alcohol, indicating that silkworm pupae extracts have alcohol detoxification activity.     

Ecological effects of water-level fluctuations in lakes: an urgent issue

We present briefly the scientific activity of the wellknown limnologist Heinz Löffler who passed away October 2006. Heinz Löffler was many years on the editorial board of Hydrobiologia. A complete list of his publications is attached as Electronic Supplementary Material.     

Predictive Length–Dry Mass Regressions for Freshwater Invertebrates in a Pre‐Alpine Lake Littoral

To date, no regressions for invertebrates from lentic environments are available to facilitate biomass estimation. Predictive length–dry mass regressions for 20 freshwater invertebrate taxa from a pre‐alpine lake littoral in Central Europe are presented here. Regressions were calculated by fitting a power function to body‐length parameters. For Gammarus roeseli, the head height, an easily measurable length parameter, was used. Differences between regressions of different taxa were confirmed by analyses of covariance. Equations for invertebrates grouped at a higher taxonomic level had lower coefficients of determination; therefore, the use of regression equations at the lowest possible taxonomic level is indicated. A comparison of regressions with those published for related taxa in streams revealed significant differences, supporting the opinion that equations should be applied carefully and their use restricted to waterbodies with similar abiotic conditions.